Kidney cancer has a high metastatic potential. About 30% of patients already have distant metastases when the diagnosis is made, and in more than 20% metastatic lesions appear at various times after nephrectomy.
Systemic treatment in this group is difficult: kidney cancer is resistant to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. According to published data (Davydov et al., 2006), median survival in patients with distant metastases is 6-12 months, and only 10% live two years.
The method works best when treatment is started right after the conditionally radical removal of the primary tumour.
Immunotherapy is not discussed for every kidney cancer. Early-stage tumours removed completely by partial or radical nephrectomy, with no sign of spread, usually need no additional treatment — they need follow-up. The conversation makes sense in two situations: a high risk of recurrence after removal of the primary tumour, and established metastatic disease where standard options are limited.
Clear-cell renal cell carcinoma is the most common variant and one of the few tumour types the immune system is genuinely able to recognise: this is connected both to the rare spontaneous regressions of metastases and to the fact that immune approaches were developed for this diagnosis earlier than for most others. That is why the doctor looks first at the morphological variant in the histology report.